ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#This systematic and meta-analysis review aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women, in geographic areas worldwide, and demonstrate a trend of the prevalence of smoking over time by using a cumulative meta-analysis.@*METHODS@#Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Ovid from January 2010 to April 2020. The reference lists of the studies included in this review were also screened. Data were reviewed and extracted independently by two authors. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. Sources of heterogeneity among the studies were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression.@*RESULTS@#The pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women was 28% and 17%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in adolescent girls/students of the school, adult women, pregnant women, and women with the disease was 23%, 27%, 32%, and 38%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in the continents of Oceania, Asia, Europe, America, and Africa was 36%, 14%, 38%, 31%, and 32%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women is very high, which is significant in all subgroups of adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate educational programs for them, especially in schools, to reduce the side effects and prevalence of smoking among women.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Cigarette Smoking/trends , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Background and objective: adolescence is one of the most valuable periodin life which is foundation of the next stage.Adolescents'sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating behaviors threat the present and future life in this age group. The aim of this study was to evaluate healthy lifestyle education based on health belief model among adolescents.
Materials and methods: this interventional study was conducted on 113studentswho were selected from two schools in an educational district in Mashhadand viathe cluster sampling method. They were divided intoa case group[56] and a control one[57]. datawere gathered using demographic, knowledge and performance questionnaires and also the health belief model constructs. The reliability of the questionnaires was determined by test- retest and alpha. Educational program based on health belief model was designed and implemented in four 50-minute sessions. Thedata were analyzed using SPSS softwar [11.5].
Results: There was observed a significant difference between after and before intervention in meanscores of knowledge [P=0.033], Performance [P=0.001] and also physical activity, puberty health, structures of health belief model include sensitive [P=0.013], intensity [P=0.008] and efficacy, perceived benefits [P=0.001] and perceived barriers [P=0.001] while, there was no significant difference in the case group.
Conclusion: Health education programs which are based on health belief modelcan be effective in promoting health awareness, perceptions of cognitive and healthy lifestyle behaviors in adolescents.
ABSTRACT
Lifestyle-modification programs including physical activity are essential for both treatment and prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [T2DM]. However, factors associated with physical activity among patients are poorly understood. This study applied Social-Cognitive Theory [SCT] for predicting determinants of physical activity among women with T2DM in Iran, 2013. In this cross-sectional study, partial least square path modeling [PLS-PM] was used as an estimation technique for structural equation model. This model specified hypotheses between components of Social-cognitive Theory on physical activity behavior. A random sample of 300 women with T2DM was selected, and completed SCT constructs instrument. Data were analyzed using statistical software WarpPLS Ver. 4.0. The model explained 26% of the variance in physical activity. Self-regulation, task self-efficacy and barrier self-efficacy were significantly direct predictors of physical activity among women with T2DM. Task self-efficacy, social support and modeling had significantly indirect effects on physical activity behavior [P<0.001]. Our findings showed evidence for adequacy of a theoretical framework that could be used to predict physical activity behavior among women with T2DM